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24 May 2025

  • 03:4003:40, 24 May 2025 Universal set (hist | edit) [2,183 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Universal Set - Definition and Examples = In set theory, the '''universal set''' is the set that contains '''all possible elements''' under consideration for a particular discussion or problem. It serves as the '''reference set''' or '''universe''' of discourse. == Definition of Universal Set == The '''universal set''' is usually denoted by <math>U</math>. It contains every element relevant to the context or subject being studied. For example, if we are discussing...")
  • 03:3803:38, 24 May 2025 Proper subset (hist | edit) [2,310 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Proper Subset - Definition and Examples = A '''proper subset''' is a special kind of subset where all elements of one set are contained in another set, but the two sets are not equal. In other words, the proper subset must have fewer elements than the original set. == Definition of Proper Subset == A set <math>A</math> is called a '''proper subset''' of a set <math>B</math> if: * Every element of <math>A</math> is in <math>B</math>, and * <math>A</math> is not equa...")
  • 03:3703:37, 24 May 2025 Subsets (hist | edit) [2,590 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Subsets - Definition, Types, and Examples = In set theory, a '''subset''' is a set whose elements all belong to another set. Subsets are fundamental in understanding the relationships between sets. == Definition of Subset == A set <math>A</math> is called a '''subset''' of a set <math>B</math> if every element of <math>A</math> is also an element of <math>B</math>. This is written as: <math>A \subseteq B</math> This means: <math>\forall x (x \in A \Rightarrow x \i...")
  • 03:3403:34, 24 May 2025 Equal Sets (hist | edit) [2,684 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Equal Sets - Definition and Examples= In set theory, '''equal sets''' are sets that contain the '''exact same elements'''. The order of elements or how they are written does not matter, only the content does. == Definition of Equal Sets == Two sets A and B are said to be '''equal''' if they have '''exactly the same elements'''. This means every element of set A is in set B, and every element of set B is in set A. * Mathematically: <math>A = B \iff (x \in A \Rightar...")
  • 03:3403:34, 24 May 2025 Singleton Set (hist | edit) [2,313 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Singleton Set - Definition and Examples = A '''singleton set''' is a special type of set that contains '''only one element'''. It is the smallest possible non-empty set in set theory. == Definition of a Singleton Set == A set that has '''exactly one element''' is called a '''singleton set'''. It is also known as a '''unit set'''. * In mathematical notation: <math>A = \{a\}</math> is a singleton set, because it contains only one element, '''a'''. == Characteristics...")
  • 03:3303:33, 24 May 2025 Empty Set (hist | edit) [2,604 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Empty Set (Null Set) - Definition and Examples = The '''empty set''', also known as the '''null set''', is one of the most basic and important concepts in set theory. It refers to a set that '''contains no elements'''. It is often the starting point for understanding how sets behave. == Definition of Empty Set == An '''empty set''' is a set that has '''no elements''' in it. It is represented by: * <math>\emptyset</math> (the Greek letter phi) * or <math>\{\}</math...")
  • 03:3003:30, 24 May 2025 Infinite Set (hist | edit) [2,917 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Infinite Set - Definition, Examples and Comparison = An '''infinite set''' is a set that contains an '''unlimited or uncountable number of elements'''. Unlike finite sets, infinite sets cannot be completely listed because they go on forever. == Definition of an Infinite Set == A set is called an '''infinite set''' if the number of its elements is '''not countable'''. In other words, it is impossible to list all the elements of the set completely, as they continue i...")
  • 03:2903:29, 24 May 2025 Finite Set (hist | edit) [2,792 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Finite Set - Definition, Examples and Properties = A '''finite set''' is a type of set in mathematics that contains a '''countable number of distinct elements'''. This means the number of elements in the set is '''limited''' or '''fixed'''. Set theory often begins with understanding the concept of finite and infinite sets. == Definition of a Finite Set == A set is called a '''finite set''' if the number of elements in the set is '''countable''' and the process of li...")
  • 03:2503:25, 24 May 2025 Introduction to Set theory (hist | edit) [3,122 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Introduction to Set Theory = Set theory is a fundamental topic in mathematics that deals with the study of '''sets''', which are collections of '''distinct''' and '''well-defined objects'''. It is the foundation for many advanced topics in mathematics and logic. == What is a Set? == A '''set''' is a collection of objects, called '''elements''' or '''members''', that are grouped together because they share a common property. * Example: A set of vowels in the English...")

23 May 2025

  • 08:0508:05, 23 May 2025 Matrix Addition (hist | edit) [2,096 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Matrix Addition = Matrix addition is the process of adding two matrices of the '''same dimensions''' by adding their corresponding elements. == Conditions for Matrix Addition == Two matrices can be added only if they have the same number of rows and the same number of columns. For example, if: * Matrix A is of order 2×3 * Matrix B must also be of order 2×3 to be added to A == Rule for Addition == If: <math> A = [a_{ij}], \quad B = [b_{ij}] </math> Then: <math>...")
  • 08:0308:03, 23 May 2025 Matrix (hist | edit) [2,180 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Matrix and Its Types = A '''matrix''' is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, symbols, or expressions, organized in rows and columns. It is usually enclosed in square brackets like this: <math> A = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \cdots & a_{mn} \end{bmatrix} </math> where <math>m</math> is the number of rows and <math>n</math> is the number of columns....")
  • 08:0208:02, 23 May 2025 Basics of Calculus (hist | edit) [1,977 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Basics of Calculus = '''Calculus''' is a branch of mathematics that studies how things change. It helps us understand motion, growth, and areas under curves. Calculus is divided mainly into two parts: '''Differential Calculus''' and '''Integral Calculus'''. == Differential Calculus == Differential Calculus focuses on the concept of the '''derivative''', which represents the rate at which a quantity changes. For example, it tells us how fast a car is moving at any in...")
  • 07:3807:38, 23 May 2025 Michael Faraday (hist | edit) [3,222 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Michael Faraday = '''Michael Faraday''' (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who made foundational contributions to the fields of '''electromagnetism''' and '''electrochemistry'''. Though largely self-taught, Faraday is regarded as one of the greatest experimental physicists in history. == Early Life and Education == Faraday was born into a poor family in Newington Butts, now part of South London. He had little formal education and worked...")
  • 07:3407:34, 23 May 2025 James Clerk Maxwell (hist | edit) [3,465 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= James Clerk Maxwell = '''James Clerk Maxwell''' (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who made profound contributions to the field of electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and optics. He is best known for formulating the set of equations that describe classical electromagnetism, known today as '''Maxwell's Equations'''. == Early Life and Education == Maxwell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. From an early age, he demonstrated a str...")
  • 07:3007:30, 23 May 2025 Ampère-Maxwell Law: (hist | edit) [2,642 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Ampère-Maxwell Law = The '''Ampère-Maxwell Law''' is one of the four equations in the set of '''Maxwell's Equations''', which form the foundation of classical electrodynamics. It is a generalization of Ampère's Law, accounting for the contribution of the changing electric field to the magnetic field. == Statement of the Law == In differential form, the Ampère-Maxwell Law is expressed as: <math> \nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \mathbf{J} + \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \...")
  • 07:2807:28, 23 May 2025 Faraday's Law of Induction: (hist | edit) [2,945 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Faraday's Law of Induction: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction''' is a fundamental principle of electromagnetism discovered by Michael Faraday. It describes how a changing magnetic field within a closed loop induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the conductor. This principle is the working mechanism behind electric generators, transformers, and inductors. == Statement of Faraday’s Law ==...")
  • 07:2507:25, 23 May 2025 Gauss's Law (Magnetic): (hist | edit) [2,698 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Gauss's Law (Magnetic): Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Gauss’s Law for Magnetism''' is one of the four fundamental Maxwell's Equations in electromagnetism. It states that the total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero, implying that magnetic monopoles do not exist (i.e., every magnetic field line that enters a surface also exits it). == Mathematical Formulation == === Integral Form === <math> \oint_{\text{closed...")
  • 07:2407:24, 23 May 2025 Gauss's Law (Electric): (hist | edit) [3,084 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Gauss's Law (Electric): Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Gauss’s Law''' is a fundamental law in electrostatics that relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the total electric charge enclosed by that surface. It is one of the four equations in Maxwell's Equations and provides a powerful method for calculating electric fields, especially with high symmetry. == Mathematical Formulation == === Integral Form === <math...")
  • 07:1807:18, 23 May 2025 Electromagnetism (hist | edit) [3,240 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Electromagnetism: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Electromagnetism''' is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions with matter. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and is described by the unified theory of electricity and magnetism, primarily governed by Maxwell’s equations. Electromagnetic phenomena are the basis for many modern technologies inc...")
  • 07:1507:15, 23 May 2025 Quantum (hist | edit) [3,213 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Quantum: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == In physics, the term '''quantum''' refers to the smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property. The concept originates from '''quantum mechanics''', a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of matter and energy on atomic and subatomic scales. The term "quantum" (plural: "quanta") was first introduced in the early 20th century to explain phenomena that classical physics could n...")
  • 07:1407:14, 23 May 2025 Wave (hist | edit) [3,018 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Wave: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == In physics, a '''wave''' is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space and matter, transferring energy from one point to another without the permanent displacement of the medium. Waves are classified into different types based on the direction of particle motion and the medium through which they propagate. == Types of Waves == === 1. Mechanical Waves === Require a medium to propagate....")
  • 07:1207:12, 23 May 2025 Time (hist | edit) [2,572 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Time: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Time''' is a fundamental scalar quantity in physics used to sequence events, compare durations, and quantify the interval between them. It is one of the base quantities in the International System of Units (SI), playing a central role in classical mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, and quantum theory. == Definition == Time is often considered the continuous progression of existence and even...")
  • 07:0907:09, 23 May 2025 Scalar (physics) (hist | edit) [2,345 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Scalar (Physics): Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == In physics, a '''scalar''' is a quantity that is fully described by a single numerical value (magnitude) and has no direction. Scalars are used to measure and represent physical properties that do not depend on orientation in space. Scalars contrast with vectors, which require both magnitude and direction for complete description. == Definition == A scalar quantit...")
  • 07:0807:08, 23 May 2025 Vector (physics) (hist | edit) [3,002 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Vector (Physics): Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == In physics, a '''vector''' is a quantity that has both '''magnitude''' and '''direction'''. Vectors are essential in describing physical phenomena such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum. Unlike scalars, which are described by a single value, vectors are represented by arrows whose length corresponds to magnitude and whose orientation indicates direction. == D...")
  • 07:0607:06, 23 May 2025 Displacement (hist | edit) [2,631 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Displacement: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Displacement''' is a fundamental concept in physics and kinematics. It represents the change in the position of an object from its initial point to its final point. Displacement is a '''vector quantity''', meaning it has both magnitude and direction. It differs from '''distance''', which only considers how much ground an object has covered, regardless of direction. == Definition == Mat...")
  • 07:0507:05, 23 May 2025 Distance (hist | edit) [2,099 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Distance: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Distance''' is a basic concept in kinematics and everyday measurements. It refers to the total length of the path traveled by an object during motion. Distance is a '''scalar quantity''', meaning it has magnitude but no direction. It is always a non-negative value and differs from '''displacement''', which is a vector. == Definition == Mathematically, distance is represented as the total p...")
  • 07:0407:04, 23 May 2025 Speed (hist | edit) [2,048 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Speed: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Speed''' is a fundamental concept in kinematics that refers to how fast an object is moving, regardless of its direction. Unlike velocity, speed is a '''scalar quantity''', meaning it has magnitude but no direction. Speed helps us understand how quickly an object covers distance over time. == Definition == The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector: <math> \text{Speed} =...")
  • 07:0107:01, 23 May 2025 Velocity (hist | edit) [2,347 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Velocity: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Velocity''' is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the rate at which an object changes its position with respect to time. Unlike speed, velocity is a '''vector quantity'''—it has both magnitude and direction. Velocity is essential in kinematics, dynamics, and many real-world applications such as vehicle motion, projectile paths, and orbital mechanics. == Definition == The ins...")
  • 06:5406:54, 23 May 2025 Power (hist | edit) [2,095 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Power: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Power''' in physics is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It quantifies how quickly energy is used, converted, or transmitted over time. Power is a scalar quantity and is crucial in both mechanical and electrical systems. == Definition == Mathematically, power is defined as the work done per unit time: <math> P = \frac{W}{t} </math> Where: * <math>P</math> is the power,...")
  • 06:5306:53, 23 May 2025 Work (hist | edit) [2,445 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Work: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == In physics, '''work''' refers to the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. Work is a scalar quantity and depends on both the magnitude of the force and the displacement, as well as the angle between them. Work links force and energy, making it one of the foundational concepts in classical mechanics. == Definition == The mathematical definition o...")
  • 06:5306:53, 23 May 2025 Energy (hist | edit) [2,493 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Energy: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Energy''' is a fundamental physical quantity that describes the capacity to perform work or produce change. It exists in many forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, and nuclear energy. Energy is a conserved quantity—meaning it cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. == Definition == In physics, energy is commonly defined through the work-energ...")
  • 06:4706:47, 23 May 2025 Acceleration (hist | edit) [2,107 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Acceleration: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Acceleration''' is a core concept in classical mechanics that represents the rate of change of velocity of an object over time. As a vector quantity, it includes both magnitude and direction. Acceleration is central to understanding motion, especially when an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction. == Definition == The instantaneous acceleration is defined as the derivative o...")
  • 06:3906:39, 23 May 2025 Force (hist | edit) [1,512 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Force: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == '''Force''' is a fundamental concept in physics that describes a push or a pull acting upon an object. It causes objects to accelerate, decelerate, remain in place, or change direction. The concept of force is central to Newtonian mechanics. == Definition == Force is defined mathematically by Newton's Second Law: F = m × a Where: * F is force in newtons (N), * m is mass in kilograms (kg), *...")
  • 06:1706:17, 23 May 2025 Chemical Potential (hist | edit) [2,760 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Chemical Potential: Definition and Mathematical Representation = == Introduction == The '''chemical potential''' is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity that plays a crucial role in understanding how particles and energy distribute in physical systems. It is particularly significant in the study of phase equilibria, chemical reactions, and processes involving the transfer of matter. In essence, the chemical potential represents the change in a system's internal energ...")

22 May 2025

  • 11:2711:27, 22 May 2025 Artificial Intelligence AI (hist | edit) [6,912 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Introduction == '''Artificial Intelligence (AI)''' refers to the ability of a machine or computer system to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence. These tasks include things like learning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. AI is a broad field in computer science, aiming to create systems that can mimic human behavior and think autonomously. AI is used in many areas of life, from voice assistants like Siri and Alexa to complex s...")
  • 08:1708:17, 22 May 2025 Ernest rutherford (hist | edit) [3,295 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= ernest rutherford – father of nuclear physics = == introduction == '''ernest rutherford''' (1871–1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist and one of the most important figures in the history of science. Known as the father of nuclear physics, he discovered the nucleus, proposed the first nuclear model of the atom, and performed groundbreaking research in radioactivity and atomic structure. == early life and education == rutherford was born on august...")
  • 08:1108:11, 22 May 2025 Nucleus (hist | edit) [1,464 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== what is the nucleus? == The '''nucleus''' is the small, dense center of an atom where nearly all of its mass is concentrated. It contains protons and neutrons (collectively known as nucleons). == properties == * **contains**: protons and neutrons * **charge**: positive (due to protons) * **mass**: >99.9% of the atom’s total mass * **size**: ~1/100,000 of the atom’s total diameter == discovery == ernest rutherford discovered the...")
  • 08:0908:09, 22 May 2025 Electrons (hist | edit) [1,415 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= electrons – negatively charged particles in atoms = == what is an electron? == An '''electron''' is a subatomic particle with a negative electric charge. Electrons are found in orbitals or energy levels surrounding the nucleus of an atom. == basic properties == * symbol: e⁻ * charge: -1 * mass: ~1/1836 of a proton * location: outside the nucleus, in electron shells == discovery == j.j. thomson discovered the electron in 1897 using catho...")
  • 08:0708:07, 22 May 2025 Neutrons (hist | edit) [1,534 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= neutrons – neutral particles in the atomic nucleus = == what is a neutron? == A '''neutron''' is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, alongside protons. Unlike protons and electrons, it carries **no electric charge** (neutral). == basic properties == * **symbol**: n⁰ * **charge**: 0 (neutral) * **mass**: about 1 amu (slightly more than a proton) * **location**: inside the atomic nucleus == discovery == james c...")
  • 08:0608:06, 22 May 2025 Proton (hist | edit) [3,181 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= protons – structure, properties, and importance = == what is a proton? == A '''proton''' is a type of subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom. It carries a single **positive electric charge** (+1e) and is one of the three main particles that make up an atom, alongside neutrons and electrons. The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number and ultimately defines the element itself. == basic properties of protons == *...")
  • 07:3907:39, 22 May 2025 Atomic number (hist | edit) [3,778 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Atomic Number – Definition, Importance, and Role in Chemistry = == What is Atomic Number? == The Atomic Number of a Chemical Element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element. It is denoted by the symbol '''Z'''. Each element has a unique Atomic Number, which determines its identity and position in the Periodic Table of Elements. == Definition == <blockquote> ''Atomic Number (Z) = Number of Protons in the N...")
  • 07:3007:30, 22 May 2025 Henry Moseley (hist | edit) [3,740 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Henry Moseley – The Scientist Who Defined Atomic Number = == Introduction == '''Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley''' (1887–1915) was a British physicist whose groundbreaking work on the atomic structure of elements redefined the **Periodic Table**. He introduced the concept of the **atomic number**, which became the modern basis for arranging elements. His work corrected flaws in Mendeleev’s table and laid the foundation for modern atomic physics. == Early Life and...")
  • 07:3007:30, 22 May 2025 Dmitri Mendeleev (hist | edit) [3,257 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "= Dmitri Mendeleev – The Father of the Periodic Table = == Introduction == '''Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev''' (1834–1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor, best known for creating the first widely recognized version of the '''Periodic Table of Elements'''. His work laid the foundation for modern chemistry and revolutionized how scientists understand the properties and relationships of chemical elements. == Early Life and Education == Dmitri Mendeleev was born on ''...")
  • 07:2707:27, 22 May 2025 Elements (hist | edit) [3,917 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == What Are Chemical Elements? == '''Chemical elements''' are pure substances consisting of only one type of atom, identified by their unique number of protons in the nucleus, known as the '''atomic number'''. Elements are the fundamental building blocks of all matter in the universe. Each element is represented by a '''chemical symbol''' (e.g., H for hydrogen, O for oxygen) and appears in the '''Periodic Table of Elements'''. == Basic Properties of Elements == Every...")
  • 07:2007:20, 22 May 2025 Periodic table (hist | edit) [3,415 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==Introduction to the Periodic Table== The Periodic Table of Elements is a systematic arrangement of all known chemical elements based on their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. It is one of the most important tools in chemistry, physics, and general science education. ==History of the Periodic Table== The modern periodic table was developed based on the early work of Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Mendelee...")
  • 07:1207:12, 22 May 2025 Basic information about Hydrogen (hist | edit) [2,529 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ==What is Hydrogen?== Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table, with the chemical symbol H and an atomic number of 1. It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen is a non-metal and exists as a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas under standard conditions. ==Properties of Hydrogen== * Atomic Number: 1 * Atomic Mass: 1.008 u * Symbol: H * State at Room Temperature: Gas * Color and Smell: Colorless and odorless * Highly flammab...")

12 May 2025

11 May 2025

20 April 2025

  • 15:5815:58, 20 April 2025 Plastids (hist | edit) [228 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Plastids == plastids are found in Plant cells. These clearly visible under the microscope. plastids bear specific pigments.based on the type of Pigments plastids are classifide into Chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts.")

11 April 2025

  • 17:5517:55, 11 April 2025 Atom (hist | edit) [2,878 bytes] Thakshashila (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==Introduction== Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Every substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas, is composed of atoms. The study of atoms is essential to understanding the principles of chemistry, as they form the basis of all chemical elements and compounds. 2. Definition of an Atom An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. It consists of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surround...")
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