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Chemical Potential: Difference between revisions

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Alternatively, depending on the thermodynamic potential being used, chemical potential can also be defined using internal energy ''U'', enthalpy ''H'', or Helmholtz free energy ''A''. For example, in terms of internal energy:
Alternatively, depending on the thermodynamic potential being used, chemical potential can also be defined using internal energy ''U'', enthalpy ''H'', or Helmholtz free energy ''A''. For example, in terms of internal energy:


:<math>\mu_i = \left( \frac{\partial U}{\partial n_i} \right)_{S, V, n_{j \ne i}}</math>
    μᵢ = (∂U/∂nᵢ) at constant S, V, and nⱼ (j ≠ i)


Here,  
Here,  
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The chemical potential can be thought of as the "escaping tendency" of a species from a phase or a system. If two phases or systems are in equilibrium, the chemical potential of each component must be the same in both:
The chemical potential can be thought of as the "escaping tendency" of a species from a phase or a system. If two phases or systems are in equilibrium, the chemical potential of each component must be the same in both:


     μᵢ = (∂U/∂nᵢ) at constant S, V, and nⱼ (j ≠ i)
     μᵢ^(1) = μᵢ^(2)
 


This condition ensures no net flow of particles between the phases, indicating chemical equilibrium.
This condition ensures no net flow of particles between the phases, indicating chemical equilibrium.
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